![]() The 2003 heat wave suggests that climate variability may have increased (12). In the part of Switzerland lying north of the Alps, the mean air temperature in summer (June–August) exceeded the long-term mean (1864–2000) by more than 5 standard deviations), making summer 2003 by far the warmest in this region since instrumental records began in 1864 (24). The influence of the NAO on the decadal trends in the occurrence of atmospheric blocking events was confirmed in a recent study (13).ĭuring the summer of 2003, central Europe suffered an extraordinarily severe heat wave. The NAO is believed to particularly influence climate in high elevation regions in the Alps (8). The NOA is characterized by cyclical fluctuations in air pressure and changes in storm tracks across the North Atlantic. ![]() The intense warming in the Alps during the 1990s has been linked in part to the behavior of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NOA). ![]() In fact, the years 1994, 2000, 2002, and particularly 2003, have been the warmest on record in the past 500 years (7). The most significant warming has occurred since the 1990s. The more recent warming in the Alps observed since the mid 1980s, while in step with global warming, is roughly three-times greater than the global average. This is similar to the observed regional low altitude trend in the north-western Alps, suggesting that air temperature trends are not altitude dependent (33). A mean warming rate of 0.14 ☌/decade between 19 was found. Temperature profiles have been analyzed from boreholes drilled at three different sites between 42 m above sea level in the Mont Blanc area (French Alps). Recent research suggests that there is a similar air temperature trend in the Alps at low and very high altitudes over the last 100 years. For Austria, a widespread warming trend in both daily minimum and maximum temperatures was confirmed for homogenized time series of temperature data covering the period 1948–2009 (31). An increase of more than 1☌ in average temperature has been observed in Austria during the last century (25). Temperature increase has accelerated substantially in recent decades (1). Over the past 100 years (1909-2008), mean annual temperatures increased by 0.12-0.19☌ per decade, with no distinctive regional differences. The mean annual temperature has increased by 1.6☌ between 18 with respect to 1961-1990 average conditions. Climate change Austria Air temperature changes until nowĬlimate measurement series of ground-level temperatures in Switzerland date back to the mid-19th century.
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